On Management

A host of external and often largely uncontrolled factors influence a firm's choice of direction and action and ultimately its organizational  structure and internal processes. These factors which constitute the external environment can be divided into two interrelated subcategories those in the remote environment and those in immediate operating environment. Remote environment  The remote environment is composed of a set  of forces that originate  beyond and usually irrespective of any single firm 's operating situation-- Economic Political  Social Technological Industry Economic Consideration It refers to the nature and direction of the economy in which the business operates Social Consideration This involves the beliefs ,values, attitudes, opinions , and lifestyles of those in a firm's external environment, as developed from their cultural,ecological,demographic,religious,educational and ethnic conditioning. Political Conditioning The di...

Comparison Between Bonus Issue and Stock Split Bonus Issue Stock Split The Par value of the stock remains constant The par value of the stock is reduced A part of the reserve is capitalised There is no capitalization of reserves The shareholders proportional ownership remains unchanged The shareholders proportional ownership remains unchanged The book  value per share, the earnings per share and the market price per share decline The book  value per share, the earnings per share and the market price per share decline The market price per share is brought within a more popular trading range The market price per share is brought within a more popular trading range

Technical analysis is concerned primarily with : Materials and inputs Production technology Plant capacity Location and site Machinery and Equipment Structures and civil works, project charts and layouts Work schedule An important aspect of technical analysis is concerned with defining the materials and inputs required,specifying their properties in some details and setting up their supply programmes.  Materials may be classified into four broad categories: Raw materials Processed industrial materials and components Auxiliary materials and factory supplies Utilities For manufacturing a product/service often two or more alternative technologies are available. The choice of technology is influenced by a vriety of considerations: plant capacity,principal inputs,investments outlay and production cost,use by other units,product mix,latest developments and ease of absorption. The acquisition of technology from some other enterprise may be by way of : T...

The traditional form of organisation is not very suitable for project work because it has no means of integrating different departments at levels below the top management and it does not facilitate effective communication,coordination and control. Project Organisations may take one of the following three forms: Line and  Staff Organisation Divisional Organisation Matrix Organisation Line and  Staff  Organisation A Person is appointed with the primary responsibility of coordinating the work of the people in the functional departments. Divisional  Organisation A separate division headed by the project manager is set up to implement the project. Matrix Organisation The personnel working on the project have a responsibility to their functional superior as well as to the project manager. The line and functional form of organisation is conducive to an efficient use of resources but is not suitable for an effective realization of project o...

Marketing Information Systems provide information for the planning and control of the marketing function. Marketing planning information assists marketing managers in product planning ,pricing decisions,planning advertising and sales promotion strategies and expenditures, forecasting the market potential for new and present products and determining the channels of distribution. Marketing control information supports the efforts of management to control the efficiency and effectiveness of the selling and distribution of products and services. The major types of marketing information systems are sales management, product management , advertising and promotion, sales forecasting, market research and marketing management systems. Computer based Manufacturing Information Systems use several major sub systems to achieve computer  aided manufacturing (CAM). Computers are automating many of the activities needed to produce products in manufacturing industries. For example, computers...

Data Administration Data Bank Data Dictionary Data Modeling Data Planning Data Resource Management Data Base Administrator Database Development Database Management Approach Database Management System Database Structures: Hierarchical Network relational Database file organization and processing: Direct Sequential File processing limitations: Data Duplication Lack of data Integration Data Dependence Hypertext Logical data elements: Character Field Record File  Database Query Language Report Generator Types of Databases: Operational End User Distributed External Text

Areas of Information Systems Managerial end users need to have a knowledge of five major areas of information systems. They should understand: Several foundation concepts about information systems and their role in organizations. how information systems solution can be developed for business problems. Major concepts and developments in the technology of information systems. The major applications of information systems to end user activities and business operations and management. How to meet the major challenges of managing information system resources and activities  Conceptual Categories of Information systems : Operations Information systems Transaction processing systems Process control systems Automated office systems Information reporting systems Decision Support systems Executive Information Systems End user Computing systems Expert systems Strategic Information Systems Business Function Information Systems   In real world these conceptual c...