Database Management -Key Terms

Data Administration
Data Bank
Data Dictionary
Data Modeling
Data Planning
Data Resource Management
Data Base Administrator
Database Development
Database Management Approach
Database Management System

Database Structures:

Hierarchical
Network
relational

Database file organization and processing:

Direct
Sequential

File processing limitations:

Data Duplication
Lack of data Integration
Data Dependence

Hypertext

Logical data elements:

Character
Field
Record
File
Database

Query Language

Report Generator

Types of Databases:

Operational
End User
Distributed
External
Text

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RISK in Investments

Investment decisions are a trade off between Risk and Return. Risk refers to the possibility that the actual outcome of an investment will differ from its expected outcome. Most investors are concerned about the actual outcome being less than the expected outcome. The wider the range of possible outcomes,the greater the risk. SOURCES OF RISK The three major sources of risk are: Business Risk Interest Rate Risk Market Risk Business Risk As a holder of corporate securities (equity shares and debentures) you are exposed to risk of poor business performance. This may be caused by a variety of factors like heightened competition, emergence of new technologies, development of substitute products , shifts in consumer preferences, inadequate supply of essential inputs,changes in governmental policies and so on. The principal reason might be inept and incompetent management. Interest Rate Risk The changes in interest rate have a bearing on the welfare of investors. As th

8 traits of great Leaders

Very few people start out in life as a leader. Most people who are effective leaders have gone through many trial and errors before learning the basic leadership skills of what makes an effective leader. The comment that leaders are born not made is partially true. However, some techniques can help anyone become an effective leader. What are the traits of an effective leader? Henry David Thoreau once said, “To affect the quality of the Day that is the highest of arts.” 1. A leaders vision is to shape the lives and transform people into being better than they were. An effective leader has the ability to inspire collaboration versus trying to control people. 2. They have the ability to persuade others to do what is right compared to having to order people to do what is right. 3. In addition, leaders get others to commit voluntarily versus committing out of fear or compliance. 4. These men and women tend to be great thinkers and focus on thi

A note on Motivation

Motivation Theories Motivation- those factors that cause ,channel, and sustain people’s behavior. Motivation is not always easy to discern. Most successful managers ,however, have learned by experience that people are generally very responsive to praise and encouragement-expressed not only in words but also in actions and need to feel successful in their work to give their best effort to the organization. Different View points on Motivation The Traditional Model The traditional model of motivation is associated with Fredrick Taylor and scientific management which held that an important aspect of the manager’s job was to make sure that workers perform repetitive tasks in the most efficient way. The Human Relations Model In the human relations model, workers were expected to accept management’s authority because supervisors treated them with consideration and were attentive to their needs. The intent of managers ,however remained the same- to have the workers accept

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