On Management

The traditional form of organisation is not very suitable for project work because it has no means of integrating different departments at levels below the top management and it does not facilitate effective communication,coordination and control. Project Organisations may take one of the following three forms: Line and  Staff Organisation Divisional Organisation Matrix Organisation Line and  Staff  Organisation A Person is appointed with the primary responsibility of coordinating the work of the people in the functional departments. Divisional  Organisation A separate division headed by the project manager is set up to implement the project. Matrix Organisation The personnel working on the project have a responsibility to their functional superior as well as to the project manager. The line and functional form of organisation is conducive to an efficient use of resources but is not suitable for an effective realization of project o...

Marketing Information Systems provide information for the planning and control of the marketing function. Marketing planning information assists marketing managers in product planning ,pricing decisions,planning advertising and sales promotion strategies and expenditures, forecasting the market potential for new and present products and determining the channels of distribution. Marketing control information supports the efforts of management to control the efficiency and effectiveness of the selling and distribution of products and services. The major types of marketing information systems are sales management, product management , advertising and promotion, sales forecasting, market research and marketing management systems. Computer based Manufacturing Information Systems use several major sub systems to achieve computer  aided manufacturing (CAM). Computers are automating many of the activities needed to produce products in manufacturing industries. For example, computers...

Data Administration Data Bank Data Dictionary Data Modeling Data Planning Data Resource Management Data Base Administrator Database Development Database Management Approach Database Management System Database Structures: Hierarchical Network relational Database file organization and processing: Direct Sequential File processing limitations: Data Duplication Lack of data Integration Data Dependence Hypertext Logical data elements: Character Field Record File  Database Query Language Report Generator Types of Databases: Operational End User Distributed External Text

Areas of Information Systems Managerial end users need to have a knowledge of five major areas of information systems. They should understand: Several foundation concepts about information systems and their role in organizations. how information systems solution can be developed for business problems. Major concepts and developments in the technology of information systems. The major applications of information systems to end user activities and business operations and management. How to meet the major challenges of managing information system resources and activities  Conceptual Categories of Information systems : Operations Information systems Transaction processing systems Process control systems Automated office systems Information reporting systems Decision Support systems Executive Information Systems End user Computing systems Expert systems Strategic Information Systems Business Function Information Systems   In real world these conceptual c...

Working Capital which is defined as all the short term assets used in daily operations. Net Working Capital may be defined as the difference between current assets and current liabilities. working capital management is the functional area of finance that covers all the current accounts of the firm. Working Capital comprises of two components: Permanent Working Capital Variable Working Capital    Goals of Working Capital Policies Adequate Liquidity Minimization of Risk Contribute to Maximizing Firm's Value Factors affecting the Need for Working Capital Sales Volume Seasonal and Cyclical Factors Changes to Technology Policies of the firm  Managing Working Capital It involves two processes: Forecasting Needed Funds Acquiring Funds Managing Working Capital requires the following actions: Monitoring Levels of Cash, Receivables and Inventory Knowing percentage of funds in Current Accounts Recording time spent managing Current Acco...

In a globalised  business environment ,the top down analysis of the prospects of a firm must begin with the global economy. The government employs two broad classes of macroeconomic policies viz. demand -side policies and supply side policies. The former are meant to influence the demand for goods and services and the latter the supply for goods and services. Fiscal policy is concerned with the spending and tax initiatives of the government. Monetary Policy is concerned with the manipulation of money supply in the economy. To determine the intrinsic value of an equity stock the security analyst must forecast the earnings and dividends expected from the stock and choose a discount rate which reflects the riskiness of the stock. The earnings potential and riskiness of a firm are linked to the prospects of the industry to which it belongs. The prospects of various industries, in turn , are largely influenced by the development in the macroeconomic environment. The macroecono...

Investment decisions are a trade off between Risk and Return. Risk refers to the possibility that the actual outcome of an investment will differ from its expected outcome. Most investors are concerned about the actual outcome being less than the expected outcome. The wider the range of possible outcomes,the greater the risk. SOURCES OF RISK The three major sources of risk are: Business Risk Interest Rate Risk Market Risk   Business Risk As a holder of corporate securities (equity shares and debentures) you are exposed to risk of poor business performance. This may be caused by a variety of factors like heightened competition, emergence of new technologies, development of substitute products , shifts in consumer preferences, inadequate supply of essential inputs,changes in governmental policies and so on. The principal reason might be inept and incompetent management. Interest Rate Risk The changes in interest rate have a bearing  on the welfare of investo...